Electrospinning enables the fabrication of extracellular matrix-mimicking nanofibrous scaffolds with high potential for regenerative dentistry, including periodontal regeneration, pulp-dentin complex repair, oral mucosal healing, and dental implant surface modification. This review summarizes recent advances in polymer selection (synthetic for mechanical stability, natural for bioactivity, and hybrids for optimized properties), biofunctionalization with growth factors and antimicrobials, and scaffold design, based on a comprehensive analysis of electrospinning techniques, characterization methods, and preclinical studies. These scaffolds offer high porosity, large surface area, and ECM-like architecture to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and targeted drug delivery, yielding promising regenerative outcomes in periodontal, endodontic, mucosal, and implant applications. Challenges persist in mechanical durability, reproducibility, scalability, and clinical translation, yet electrospun scaffolds provide a versatile, biomimetic alternative to conventional biomaterials by enabling selective cell responses, enhanced tissue regeneration, and localized therapeutics for improved clinical outcomes.